Essay about Comparison of Ancient China and Ancient Egypt

There were four main ancient River Valley civilizations: the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia, the Nile River of Egypt, the Indus River of India, and the Yellow River of China. These civilizations showed specific similarities and contrasting differences. Many of these differences and similarities showed up in the three categories of the technological advances, the types of government, and the geography of the civilization. Two civilizations that are very interesting to delve deeper into and study the contrasting societies are China and Egypt. Since China and Egypt were both isolated from the outside, they developed with a strong focus on technology and learning with strong governments to hold the nations together. One similarity†¦show more content†¦It seems that the Egyptian culture focused more on intellectual contributions, while China focused more on farming and weapon contributions. China and Egypt required strong leadership to keep their lands and people in order. Without both of these strong, successful governments, both the nations could not have survived or thrived and would have quickly fell into ruins. However, China and Egypt both had contrasting governments. China’s government was feudalistic. Since China was a very vast nation, nobles watched over pieces of the land, and the emperor watched over the nobles. Egypt had a Pharaoh who watched over Upper and Lower Egypt. This is one difference: China had separate rulers reporting to one ruler, while Egypt had one ruler over everyone. The Chinese created an easy, efficient way of keeping track of everything happening in the kingdom. Egypt, however, was not nearly as huge as China, so a Pharaoh helped to unify Upper and Lower Egypt. The pharaoh is considered to be a god in human form. On the other hand, in China, the emperor is simply a normal person with a special right called the Mandate of Heaven, which is sent from heaven. This is the Chinese explanation for wars and reb ellion against the emperor. If a ruler is wicked or foolish, he loses the Mandate to Heaven and, therefore, the right to rule. Although very different, both governments base their entire rule on divine forces; the emperor is chosen by heaven and the pharaoh is aShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Earth And Heaven1278 Words   |  6 PagesKingship—Linking Heaven and Earth: Try to imagine these three distinct situations: The year is 1124 B.C.E and in China, the Zhou dynasty has recently prevailed over the largely successful Shang Empire. Just years earlier in approximately 3100 B.C.E, near the smooth flowing Nile, a conqueror by the name of Menes (Narmer) was in the process of establishing a centralized state which was to be ruled by the supreme pharaoh. 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The civilizations that I analyzed closely were the Roman Empire, Han China, Classical Greece, Byzantium, Egypt, and Europe during theRead MoreThe Communication Of Information And The Printing Press1 670 Words   |  7 Pagesto being able to print it in less than a minute, the printing press has truly changed the world. We thank China for the first production of the printing press in the 6th century AD. The printing press has allowed for more ideas to be shared, more widespread knowledge, and entertainment to be expressed. This is definitely one of the greatest inventions of all time. In the ancient past, methods of communicating information were limited. â€Å"Before the invention of writing†¦information could

Media Release Destination Brisbane Consortium - 1476 Words

Media Release: Destination Brisbane Consortium captures the bids to develop Brisbane Queen’s Wharf Release Date: Sunday, September 6 2015, 20:12 PM The Queensland Government and Destination Brisbane Consortium cooperate to provide a world class tourism destination in 2007 and expected to finish in 2022 using the multi-billion dollars which are generously supplied by Echo Entertainment Group, Far Fast Consortium (Australia) and Chow Tai Fook Enterprise (Statedevelopment.qld.gov.au, 2015). Queen’s Wharf Brisbane provides a great economic growth for Queensland and it will take place in Queen’s Wharf Brisbane (Statedevelopment.qld.gov.au, 2015). Australia residents and tourists who visit Brisbane will see a new face of Brisbane, developed facilities like new pedestrian bridge to Southbank or Miller park and multiple public events are also provided. Five new hotels including the world famous Ritz-Carlton and a five star Rosewood hotel, fifty new restaurants and bars, and the world largest nightly water and light show are coming to Brisbane (Development, 2015). â€Å"This will change Brisbane s CBD, but the construction means thousands of jobs - some 3,000 jobs during construction, and 8,000 ongoing jobs. I am very excited for the proposal of the project and we know what this means for Brisbane.† Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk said (Echo wins approval for multimillion dollar waterfront casino development in Brisbane, 2015). Eight thousand employment opportunities will beShow MoreRelated(Company Analysis) Kathmandu Holdings Limited5938 Words   |  24 Pagesstrong margins. In 2003/2004, Kathmandu commenced its UK initiative (where it now has six stores) as well as launching basecamp in New Zealand – the Company.s dedicated family camping equipment offering. In 2006, Kathmandu was acquired by a consortium of private equity funds and subsequently a new management team was introduced. Since the acquisition, Kathmandu has invested heavily in its business platform, including staff, IT infrastructure and distribution capacity, and its store footprint

Sodium In Commonly Consumed In New Zealand -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Different Ways Of Maintaining Customer Satisfaction? How To The Staff Of The Domino Does Store Behave With The Customers? How It Is Possible To Measure The Rate Of Customer Satisfaction? What Is The Relationship Between Staff And Management Of The Domino's Store? What Are The Ways That Can Be Implemented The Business Plan Of The Domino's Store To Increase The Level Of Sales? How Is It Possible To Improve Upon The Customer Satisfaction Rate For The Domino's Store? Answers: Introduction The aim of the current literature review is to discuss and conduct critical analysis of the fast food industry of New Zealand. Detailed statistics about the total sales and revenue of the Fast Food Industry is also analyzed within the report. The future Trends within the industry will also be discussed in the literature review section. Fast Food industry of New Zealand As per the report of Prentice et al., (2014), the Fast Food Industry of New Zealand is growing at a rapid pace, which provides opportunity to all the fast food brands to establish a healthy reputation and improve upon their sales volume. The culture of the New Zealand, which is currently focusing upon consumption of fast food, is mainly due to the fact that large numbers of brands have entered into the fast food industrial chain. Watson et al., (2014), have added in the context that the average level of spending of per family in the New Zealand on fast food products is estimated to be around $2000 per year. There is also the tendency among the customers to prefer the brands with fast and quicker service. Hence, one of the major aims of all the fast food brands in New Zealand is to provide better and fast service. Few of the major foods that are popular in the Fast Food Industry of New Zealand include pizza, burger and various other types of beverages. According to Cui and Basnet (2015), there are various factors, which decides upon the high volume of sales within the fast food industry of New Zealand. This includes the excellent quality of customer service, which can be obtained from the stores of all the major fast food brands. It is important to mention in the context that in most of the cases, the stores of the fast food brands is dependent upon self-service of the customers. This is one of the major reasons, which is responsible for quick and fast delivery of food. It is also essential for all the plants are fast food chains to have the service of home delivery, which has helped them to improve upon the volume of sales. It has been also seen that the total volume of sales have been increased due to the fact that lesser number of staffs are needed to deliver customer service within the fast food restaurants. It is also possible for the fast food restaurant to reduce the cost of employing working staffs. Mohsin and Lengler, (2015), have mentioned about the importance of technology management, which has helped in the development process of the providing better quality of service to the customers. The development of Technology is applicable with the fact that it has helped in the process of developing The Ecommerce business of the fast food brands. With the development of Smartphone applications, it is possible to order their food through online platforms. According to the report of Smith et al., (2014), with the introduction of online food ordering system, the total volume of sales in the fast food industry of New Zealand have improved by a level of 34%. Throughout the region of the Asia Pacific, Fast Food Industry of New Zealand and Australia is considered to be one of the most mature markets in its domain through all parts of the globe. It can also be said that compared to the low population in the New Zealand region, the total volume of the fast food consumption is quite high. As per the report in 2014, on average every person in New Zealand consumes 2 to 3 kg of Fast Food per year Mhurchu et al., (2016). Few of the fast food band chains that exist within the fast food industry of New Zealand include KFC Domino's Pizza Hut and McDonalds. These major brands occupy almost 40% of the market share in the fast food industry. There also has been an increase demand for the Asian fast foods within the market of New Zealand, which is mainly due to the fact that total number of Asian immigrants is increasing in the nation. Mohsin and Lengler, (2015), have mentioned about certain key trends, which are responsible for the change in the fast food industry of New Zealand. The major factor that includes within the industry includes Health and Wellness trends, which has currently become highly popular among the regions of New Zealand. Due to the increase in demand in the fast food, there have been a major health issues among the population of New Zealand. There are special health policies implemented by the New Zealand government, which are aimed to scrutinize the quality of food that are being sold from the stores of the fast food brands. In this context, it is essential for all the brands of Fast Food stores to take proper action against to ensure the quality of the food (De Vogli et al., 2014). Moreover, it is also relevant to mention that people of New Zealand being self-aware about the matters related to health, it is important for all fast food brands to improve upon the quality of the food and raw mat erials that are used. It is also essential for them to use organic materials in the preparation of the food, which will minimize the risks of spreading of food contaminated diseases. Nevertheless, it is also important for the fast food brands to ensure that the taste of the food, which is one of the main highlighting point about fast foods are not being compromised due to the use of organic healthy materials. According to Lang and Heasman (2015), it is essential for the fast food chains to focus on the use of the local food flavors that can help to improve upon the popularity of the food. With the use of the local food flavors, it is possible to improve upon the reputation of the brands and the popularity among the local people. It is essential for all the fast food brands, to have special marketing policies to attract the youth generation. This can be done with the help of providing faster customer care service and quick mode of delivery. The target group of customers for the fast food brands includes all the working section of the population. It is also relevant to mention that due to the fact that more people are moving towards the urban region, it is providing opportunity for the fast food brands to improve upon their total volume of sales. Dominos in New Zealand The brand of Domino's hasestablished their franchise in New Zealand fast food market and has more than 500 stores all over the nation (Sacks et al., 2015). The brand has been able to make use of the business opportunity that exists within the Fast Food Industry of the nation. The company has been able to make use of the culture within the nation, and improve upon their business policies. One of the major competitive advantages that Dominos have gained over the years in the fast food market of New Zealand is due to the fact that we are able to provide service at much faster rate. The company is also among the top 5 fast food brands in the fast food market of New Zealand with the market share of 9% in the Fast Food Industry. The Dominos has been able to initiate effective delivery system, which is one of the major causes of success for the company. It is relevant to mention in the context that poor level of customer service is responsible for low volume of sales in the store of Swanson Road in the city of Henderson. The behavior of the store staff was also not up to the mark, which discouraged the customers to visit the store. Gaps in the existing literature The current literature have described well about the current scenario in the Fast Food Industry of New Zealand. Nevertheless, the major gap in the existing literature is due to the fact that it has not highlighted upon the future Trends or contingency measures that fast food brands need to adopt in order to sustain in the consumer market of New Zealand This chapter offers an elaborate and detailed idea about the research methodology as adopted by the present research in order to collect the necessary data. In order to ensure that the research is authentic and the conclusion absolutely reliable, it is highly important to ensure that the most effective and suitable data collection and data sampling methods are being adopted. Thus, this specific chapter of the dissertation aims to show what and how the information were being collected for the research as well as what exactly are the kinds of instruments that had been used in the data collection process. The research philosophy is an important part of the research process, as it explains the set of beliefs and ideas that underlie a specific research. There are three kinds of research philosophy- Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism. The present research study employs the use of Interpretive research philosophy, as it intends to develop an understanding of consumer buying behaviour of the consumers of Dominos Pizza at 2/260 Swanson Road, Henderson, and interpret their consumption pattern in the light of recent marketing strategies adopted by Dominos at Henderson. The Interpretive philosophy will help in gaining insight into the crucial factors that are affecting consumer satisfaction of Dominos Pizza, at 2/260 Swanson Road, Henderson. Research Approach: The research approach is defined as the approach a research project takes in order to approach the research problem as well as to derive the conclusion. The Deductive research approach and Inductive research approach are the two kinds of research approaches, and this research project will use the Inductive Research Approach. This approach is being selected, as the research study does not intend to test the validity of an already formulated hypothesis, and rather it intends to explore new facts regarding the consumer buying behaviour of Dominos Pizza at 2/260 Swanson Road, Henderson, by studying consumer responses and using knowledge and theories of the past researches (Mackey Gass, 2015). Research Design: The overall strategy chosen that helps in selecting as well as integrating different components of a study in a logical and coherent way, is known as the research design. While there are three types of research design- descriptive, exploratory and explanatory research design, the research will employ the use of Exploratory Research Design (Brinkmann, 2014). This design has been chosen, as the present research intends to critically analyse and understand fast food- product consumer behaviour at Henderson and explore the factors that may have affected consumer buying behaviour at Dominos Pizza Henderson, in a negative way. Data Collection Method: The data is the most important part of any research process as it is only through the collection of data and its subsequent analysis, that the conclusion of a research can be drawn. There are two types of data- primary data ( first hand data collected by the researcher) and secondary data (second-hand data collected by the past authors and researchers, to be used in the present study) . The present research study employs the use of both primary and secondary data. Figure 1: Kinds of Data Source: (Silverman, 2016) First of all, secondary data will be collected by reviewing the journals, company records of Dominos Pizza, business articles, official websites and other online sources. The secondary data will help in developing the conceptual foundation of the research and develop a clear understanding of the background of the research problem. The important management theories pertaining to customer satisfaction will also be evaluated in the process (Panneerselvam, 2014). However, since the primary data will only help in getting general information, primary data will be collected to gain access to case-specific data. The survey will be conducted, in order to collect the primary data. Accordingly, both qualitative as well as quantitiave data collection method will be used. The qualitative data will help in developing an understanding of the social reality through the review, critical analysis thorough evaluation of the theories and concepts underlying the research problem, and the review of literary articles will be the used as the qualitative data collection method. On the other hand, the quantitative data is statistical in nature and can be numerically measured, and hence makes the findings highly reliable (Gast Ledford, 2014). Accordingly, a survey will be conducted on 20 consumers of Dominos Pizza located at 2/260 Swanson Road, Henderson, and they will be asked to fill up the close-ended questionnaire form, that will comprise of questions related to the service of Dominos Pizza and their customer satisfaction. The responses would be present in the form of Likert Scale (5-Strongly Disagree, 4-Disagree, 3-Neutral, 2-Agree, 1-Strongly agree). Sampling Technique: The sample size is 20. The Stratified Sampling Technique will be used, whereby the respondents will be allowed to participate in the survey, only if they fulfil the following criteria as stated below: They are the consumers of Dominos Pizza. They stay at 2/260 Swanson Road, Henderson. They belong to the age group of 18 to 35 years. Data Analysis Method: The qualitative data will be analysed by developing the themes and identifying common patterns present in each research paper and article. A careful analysis will help not only in developing the common themes in the past research studies, but also interpreting the existent knowledge in the light of the present research problem . The quantitative data of the survey will be transferred from the paper questionnaire to the spreadsheet, where each reply will be represented through a specific code (Ott Longnecker, 2015). Next, the total number of codes for each question will be calculated, to arrive at the conclusion. Timeframe: The time expected to be taken for the completion of the research project, is explained below: Research Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Selection of research topic Literature Review Data Collection Data Analysis Conclusion and Findings Ethical Considerations: The ethical considerations will also be checked. The respondents will not be allowed to participate in the survey against their desire, and they can back out from the survey as and when they wish to. Further, the survey questionnaire will be created in a way, that none of its questions will hurt the sentiment of the respondents (Faden et al., 2013). Anonymity of the respondents will be ensured. Further, if any external source is being used, he academic contribution of the researcher will be acknowledged in the research project as well. Research Limitations: The research is not free from limitation. The survey sample number is too small, and it may not represent the perspectives or the consumption patterns of the entire target population. As a result, the validity of the research findings is questionable. As a result, the validity of the research findings is questionable. Reference List: Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Cui, Y., Basnet, C. (2015). An exploratory study of supply chain risk management in the New Zealand fast food industry. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 20(2), 199-215. De Vogli, R., Kouvonen, A., Gimeno, D. (2014). The influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and body mass index: a cross-national time series analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(2), 99-107A. Faden, R. R., Kass, N. E., Goodman, S. N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S., Beauchamp, T. L. (2013). An ethics framework for a learning health care system: a departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics.Hastings Center Report,43(s1). Gast, D. L., Ledford, J. R. (Eds.). (2014).Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Lang, T., Heasman, M. (2015). Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and marketing. Routledge. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Mhurchu, C. N., Mackenzie, T., Vandevijvere, S. (2016). Protecting New Zealand children from exposure to the marketing of unhealthy foods and drinks: a comparison of three nutrient profiling systems to classify foods. NZ Med J, 129(1441), 41-53. Mohsin, A., Lengler, J. (2015). Exploring the antecedents of staff turnover within the fast-food industry: The case of Hamilton, New Zealand. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism, 14(1), 1-24. Mohsin, A., Lengler, J. (2015). Exploring the antecedents of staff turnover within the fast-food industry: Economics of Hamilton, New Zealand. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism, 14(1), 1-24. Ott, R. L., Longnecker, M. T. (2015).An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. Nelson Education. Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Prentice, C. A., Smith, C., McLean, R. M. (2016). Sodium in commonly consumed fast foods in New Zealand: a public health opportunity. Public health nutrition, 19(6), 958-966. Sacks, G., Mialon, M., Vandevijvere, S., Trevena, H., Snowdon, W., Crino, M., Swinburn, B. (2015). Comparison of food industry policies and commitments on marketing to children and product (re) formulation in Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. Critical Public Health, 25(3), 299-319. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, C., Gray, A. R., Fleming, E. A., Parnell, W. R. (2014). Characteristics of fast-food/takeaway-food and restaurant/caf-food consumers among New Zealand adults. Public health nutrition, 17(10), 2368-2377. Watson, W. L., Johnston, A., Hughes, C., Chapman, K. (2014). Determining the healthiness of foods marketed to children on television using the Food Standards Australia New Zealand nutrient profiling criteria. Nutrition dietetics, 71(3), 178-183.

Organ Donation Essays (1738 words) - Organ Donation,

Organ Donation In March of 1999, I was given a gift from a person I never knew; a person I'll never get to know. This gift cost the person who gave it to me, no money, but it was the most valuable gift I'll ever receive. The gift was a piece of life from another person. At the age of twenty-four, I broke my hip. After three unsuccessful surgical attempts to heal it, my doctors performed a total hip replacement. The top four inches of my femur were sawed off, and the inside of my bone was hollowed out. A steel rod, nine inches long, was ?pressed fit? into my bone. I was on crutches for over a year, but I really believed I would be able to walk on my own again. Less than one year after the surgery, I was back on crutches and in terrible pain. I had developed stress fractures in several places along my femur. For nearly one year I walked only when it was necessary and ate painkillers as though they were candy. Finally, my doctors decided to try something new. On March 9, 1999, my doctors took a rib bone, donated from a cadaver, split it in half, and wired it around my broken femur. Less than two months later, I was off crutches and walking normally for the first time in almost five years. I could actually enjoy life. I was lucky. I wasn't going to die if I had no donor, donated bone is easier to acquire that a heart, lung or kidney. Other people are not as lucky. Patients waiting for one of those life-sustaining organs must rely on the generosity of others, and the misfortune of that generous person. Someone must die, in order for that person to live. No one likes to talk about death, but let's face it, we all die. Dying is a part of life. Many people don't talk about organ donation because it involves talking about death. But, what if, from our death, we could give another person a chance to live, or merely improve the quality of his or her life? As of September 1999, over 65,000 people wait, with their name on a list, for a life saving organ. Only a fraction of those will live long enough to receive that organ. Many people are not aware of what it actually means to be an organ donor. An organ donor is someone who has previously consented to donate his or her organs after death. Organ donations are usually taken from victims of motor vehicle accidents, gun shot wounds, strokes or major head injury. Organs that can be donated are heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and intestines, also tissues such as skin, bone, and ligaments can be donated. According to the Center for Organ Recovery and Education (CORE), ?between 10,000 and 12,000 people die annually who are considered medically suitable for organ donations, yet, only an estimated 5,200 donate?(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). One of the most common reasons for objecting to organ donation is a belief that doctors will not try to save one's life if they are aware he or she is an organ donor. The only way to completely convince someone that this would never happen is to explain the whole process of organ donation. First, and most important, if a person is ?dead?, he or she can not be an organ donor. ?If someone dies outside the hospital setting or in the emergency room of a cardiac death, he would be able to donate tissues and corneas, not organs?(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Organ donations are taken from people who have been pronounced brain dead. Extensive tests are done on the donor to determine that the brain has stopped working. Lifesaving measures are taking place continuously throughout. When brain death occurs, blood is no longer flowing to the brain. The brain has ceased functioning. The victim can not breathe on his own. When a person suffers from a brain injury, the brain swells and creates pressure. Sometimes this pressure is so great it prevents blood flow to the brain, the result being brain death. After brain death is determined the potential donor is sent to intensive

Value Chain Model Essay Example

Value Chain Model Essay Int. J. Management and Enterprise Development, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2006 Porter’s value chain model for assessing the impact of the internet for environmental gains Nazim U. Ahmed and Sushil K. Sharma* Department of Information Systems and Operations Management Ball State University Muncie, IN 47306, USA E-mail: [emailprotected] edu E-mail: [emailprotected] edu *Corresponding author Abstract: The revolutionary potential of the internet promises to transform economic and environmental gains. By reducing the amount of energy and materials consumed by business, the internet stands to revolutionise the relation between economic growth and the environment. The internet is improving the capability to understand the science of environmental degradation and communicate that knowledge to public and private decision makers. It also helps decrease resource waste and associated pollution by improving the efficiency of economic activity and provides improved sensors and instantaneous telecommunications links to control pollution spillovers, better manage shared resources and reduce waste. This paper examines the impact and potential of internet-based technologies in the performance of important information and communication functions for resolving the environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model. Managerial implications of using the internet for environmental gains for SMEs are also discussed. Keywords: internet; digital technologies; environment; Porter’s value chain model. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Ahmed, N. U. and Sharma, S. K. (2006) ‘Porter’s value chain model for assessing the impact of the internet for environmental gains’,Int. J. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Chain Model specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Value Chain Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Value Chain Model specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Management and Enterprise Development, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 278–295. Biographical notes: Dr. Nazim U. Ahmed is a Professor of Information Systems and Operations Management at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA. His research interests include environmental management, total quality management, productivity improvement, supply-chain issues and e-commerce. He has published articles inInternational Journal of Production Research, Journal of Operations Management, Journal of Business Research,Transportation Research,International Journal of Operations and Production Management,Information and Management,Information Resource Management,Management Decisions,Production and Inventory Management, Journal of the Academy of the Marketing Science, International Journal of Policy and Information, Computers and Industrial Engineering and other journals. Dr. Sushil K. Sharma is an Associate Professor of Information Systems and Operations Management, at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA. Co-author of two textbooks and co-editor of four edited books, Dr. Sharma’s research contributions have appeared in many peer-reviewed national and international journals, conferences and seminar proceedings. Dr. Sharma’s primary teaching and research interests are in e-commerce, information systems Copyright  © 2006 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. Porter’s value chain model ecurity, ERP systems, database management systems and knowledge management. Dr. Sharma has wide consulting experience in information systems and e-commerce and has served as advisor and consultant to several government and private organisations including World Bank-funded projects. 1Introduction 279 Studying natural environment is always a complex exercise because natural environment is produced by combined interactions among geological, hydrological , biological and human social systems and is therefore one of the most complex systems. The complexity of issues involved in understanding the impact of the industrialised world on the environment requires an interdisciplinary approach. For example; ecosystem and natural resource management involves integrating scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a broader policy and economic framework. Transportation issues often carry important implications for the environment (Anderson and Bateman, 2000). In this study, we are examining the impact and potential of internet-based technologies in the performance of important information and communication functions for resolving the environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model. Internet-based technologies offer the potential to improve pollution prevention and environmental monitoring; for instance, the capabilities and limitations of satellite and other remote sensing systems to scan ecosystems and enhance the effectiveness of monitoring large tracts of land (Benedick, 1991). Internet and related information technologies help to capture process and transmit information with far more ease and efficiency than in the past; they can play a role at each point of this process, improving both the quantity and quality of scientific understanding about pressing environmental problems (Dodson, 1995; Starik and Marcus, 2000). The internet, has also proved valuable in allowing multiple researchers to access and process data simultaneously thus multiplying the analysis capability. The Human Genome Project1 demonstrated this capacity through immediate online publication, making the code results available to all scientists over the internet (Bentley, 1996). Thus, the internet provides numerous avenues for collecting, distributing and analysing environmental information, making it available to greater numbers of researchers, reducing redundancy and increasing our capacity to understand the complex global ecosystem. The graphical capabilities of the internet help policymakers and others to ‘see’ and understand the sources of environmental degradation. Images, such as the ‘ozone hole’ or the impacts on agriculture of a doubling of global temperature, are becoming increasingly available on the web. Furthermore, an OECD study indicates that generalised use of internet retailing could eliminate the need for 12. % of retail-building space, saving the energy and materials needed to build, operate and maintain buildings (OECD, 1999) and product delivery from e-tailers, contrary to common opinion, may use 40% to 90% less fuel than if customers drive their cars to the mall (Romm, 1999). UPS expects to improve on these numbers by using the internet to fill what would otherwise be empty trucks as they make the return trip from a delivery. Added benefits from these efforts are reduced traffic congestion, air pollution and fuel use. Even larger gains can be had with products that can be digitised and delivered entirely online, like software, music, N. U. Ahmed and S. K. Sharma entertainment, and some consulting services (Wired, 1999). Along this line Egghead Software has closed all physical stores and moved to a completely online business model (Libert and Ribaudo, 1996). The internet helps in product life cycle through improved supply chain management. By using the internet to integrate customers, manufacturers and suppliers, wasteful over production and spoilage can be largely eliminated (Siekman, 1999). An Ernst and Young study estimates that internet applications could reduce inventories by 25% to 35%, while IBM estimates the savings could be as high as 50% (Romm, 1999). All of these study indicate that the internet could prove an important innovation for reducing environmental degradation. The internet has also helped reduce environmental impacts in agriculture, water pollution etc. The internet has served as an important innovation in facilitating what is called ‘precision farming methods’ that dramatically lower the amount of inputs needed for any given crop (Chong et al. , 2005). There are not many articles in current literature dealing specifically with the internet and natural environment. However, there are a lot of articles dealing with different aspects of environment from awareness to benefits, to strategy implementation and so on, which can be impacted by the internet. One of the questions of the past decade is how individual environmental concerns shape corporate environmental actions (Avila, 1993; Starik, 1995; Bansal and Roth, 2000). Bansal and Roth (2000) mentioned that personal concern and values could affect a firm’s environmental efforts in important ways. First, values and concern can help decision makers discriminate, identify, and prioritise (Dutton, 1997). Second, environmental concerns will induce some individuals to champion eco-initiatives (Anderson and Bateman, 2000; Lawrence and Morell, 1995). Third, a firm’s top management will be more proactive in their environmental effort if their value systems reflect environmental concerns (Dutton and Ashford, 1993). Environmental decision-making is also dependent on concerns of external stakeholders such as customers and suppliers (Johnson, 1998). It is logical that the internet can be used effectively to convey relevant information to different stakeholder group which in turn will make them more understanding of the need for sustainability. Positive economic impacts of environmental strategies are discussed by Porter and Van der Linde (1995) and Cordano (1993). Porter and Van der Linde suggested that by reengineering the production process, firms could reduce environmental impacts and simultaneously reduce the cost of inputs and waste disposal. Cordano (1993) proposed that revenues could be increased through green marketing, sale of waste products and outsourcing a firm’s environmental expertise. Additionally, there are suggestions in the literature that eco-initiatives will improve corporate image (Hart, 1995; Russo and Fouts, 1997). Here we can also use the internet to make business processes reengineering, marketing and other functions more environmentally friendly. Despite the potentially important role that the internet is playing in improving environmental activities at a macro level, little research has been performed to date that examines the factors that affect environmental supply chain management at a micro level. This paper examines the impact and potential of internet-based technologies in the performance of important information and communication functions for resolving the environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model. The intent of this paper is to examine the internet as a communication and information dissemination tool for resolving environmental issues at a macro and a micro level, and identify the eco issues and eco criteria using Porter’s value chain model. Porter’s value chain model 2Impact and uses of internet-based technologies at macro level 81 Internet-based technologies are providing fast, easy and cost-effective means through which to access, use, create and disseminate information. E-mail, which knows no geographic boundaries, provides a cost-effective method of communication with other similar organisations and individuals. E-mail also provides a means of direct access to government representatives. Listservs, which are focus group discussions d isseminated via e-mail, provide opportunities for individuals to join in conversations about timely, focused topics. Organisational webpages provide mechanisms through which environmental organisations can affordably disseminate information about themselves to a large, geographically dispersed audience. Additionally, there is much useful information and data on the web to further grassroots environmental activists’ causes, which have never before been freely and easily accessible. The ability to transport computer files over the internet allows for rapid distribution of timely information. The internet also provides access to free downloadable software. The internet is a unique medium because of its speed, low cost, easy capacity for forwarding messages and unlimited capacity (Frantzich, 1999). The various interest groups can easily converse with each other and present their collective voice to national and international organisations to further their environmental causes. Neighbourhood organisations can use internet-based technologies to communicate effectively within their own communities and across neighbourhoods to build and expand their intracommunity and intercommunity power base (Craig, 1998). Internet technologies facilitate a shift from representative democracy to a more direct democracy, as the technology provides the ability for wide range participation by people outside existing power structures (Grossman, 1995). To understand the significance of the impact of internet-based technologies on the information functions of grassroots environmental justice initiatives, two guiding concepts are suggested, borrowed respectively from the fields of sociology and political science. First, the internet breaks the insider/outsider dichotomy as related to the flow of information. Traditionally, insiders such as government officials have had privileged access to certain kinds of information and do not seek information and advice from citizen for various decision-making related to environmental concerns (Chatman, 1996). The internet appears to be breaking down this traditional insider/outsider dichotomy and political empowerment, and makes it possible for citizens to participate in environment-related policy making. The internet is changing the flow of political information and thereby changing the pattern of political participation (Hill and Hughes, 1998). Secondly, the internet allows direct communication, bypassing many information intermediaries and also substantially reduces the cost of communicating through space and time, allowing for greater organisation around shared interests, and allowing for a more heterogeneous base of participants in political processes (Pierce et al. 1992). Using the internet, the media, opposition politicians, environmental entities, individual citizens, community groups and other nongovernmental organisations, can easily obtain vast quantities of data on environmental results. Substandard performance by governments or companies is easier to spot. Transparency may also smoke out cases where special interests distort the policy process. Power, in the form of the ability to create and disseminate information, has been given to relatively powerless segments of society through the use of internet-based technologies (Zelweitro, 1998). N. U. Ahmed and S. K. Sharma Using the internet to connect satellite imaging and global positioning systems to digital controllers on farm tractors and harvesters allows the precise applications of fertilisers and pesticides to local conditions in the fields. The result is higher yields, quality and profits and at the same time much lower environmental impacts. Similarly, the forestry giant Weyerhaeuser is using digital maps and satellite imagery to classify forest type, age and health (Horrigan et al. , 1998). This information is delivered to field crews over the internet through handheld devices and laptop computers. The technologies allow forest managers to extract maximum value from precious natural resources while reducing the environmental damage. The various impacts of the internet to resolve environmental issues at the macro level are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 indicates how internet-based technologies have been helping to improve environmentalism through various means at a macro level. Figure 1 The impact of internet-based technologies to environmentalism at macro level Communication medium Internet-based technologies are providing fast, easy, and cost-effective means through w h i c h t o a c c e s s , u s e , c r e a t e , a n d disseminate information using e-mail, listservs, websites and other web-based channels. Greater policy transparency and comparative analysis Using internet, the media, opposition politicians, environmental entities, individual citizens, community groups and other non-governmental organisations, can easily obtain vast quantities of data on environmental results. Sub-standard performance by governments or companies is easier to spot. Internet helps to provide more data driven decision-making. Dematerialisation, the substitution of physical materials with information The substitution of books, periodicals, s t e r e o s , v i d e o r e c o r d e rs , c am e r as , telephones, and answering machines and any other information oriented products by interest-based digital products. The impact of internet-based technologies to environmentalism at macro level Integration and coordination with governments, suppliers, customers, and competitors Internet technology is integrating and coordinating activities of governments, suppliers, customers and other competitors for environmental gains. 3The Porter’s value chain model Politi cal empowerment through internet technologies Internet is helping citizen participation through community organisations as a collective voice to local governments. Neighbourhood organisations can use internet-based technologies to communicate effectively within their own communities and across neighbourhoods to build and expand their intra-community and inter-community power base for environmental concerns. Internet-driven, web-based technologies have a tremendous impact on procurement, manufacturing, and distribution to significantly compress time and reduce costs throughout the supply chain (Benjamin and Wigand, 1995). To better understand the impact, we have mapped the environmental issues on Porter’s value chain model. In the later section, we have mapped the impact of the internet on these environmental issues (Porter and Miller, 1985). Our identification of environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model are detailed in Table 1. Porter’s value chain model Table 1 Identification of environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model Primary activities Environmental issues Eco-performance criteria A-criteria In-bound logisticsReturnable containers Percentage of returnable containers Cost of returning the containers Amount of pollution due to non-returnable containers Percentage of returnable containers Operations Outbound logistics Efficient transport route Less pollutable transport mode Warehousing and storage space requirements Supplier relation Product Process Material Storage and warehousing Packaging Shipping Load-distance Amount of fuel consumption Amount of pollution generated in transport mode Amount of fuel consumption Amount of storage space needed to per unit of output Percentage of outputs using JIT Number of suppliers who has environmental programme Number of supplier ISO 14000 certified Number of suppliers on JIT Service life Percentage of output recycled Percentage of output reused Amount of waste generated per hour of use Decibel of noise Amount of toxicity Time to degrade Amount of raw material needed Amount of energy needed per unit of output Amount of pollution generated per unit of output Percentage of production related waste recycled Percentage reduction in production elated waste Amount of hazardous material Percentage of substitution for hazardous material Warehousing cost per unit of output shipped Pound of material used in packaging Percentage of degradable material in packaging Percentage of packaging recyclable Load-distance Fuel consumption per mile per item Amount of fuel consumption Amount of fuel consumption Percentage of output using JIT Number of suppliers who has environmental programmes Number of suppliers on JIT Service life Percentage of output recycled Time to degrade Amount of raw material needed Amount of pollution generated per unit of output Amount of energy needed per unit of output Percentage substitution of hazardous material Warehousing cost per unit of output shipped Pound of material used in packaging Percentage of packaging recyclable Fuel consumption per mile per item N. U. Ahmed and S. K. Sharma Table 1 Identification of environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model (continued) Primary activities Environmental issues Eco-performance criteria A-criteria Marketing and sales Service Communication of environmentally friendly product offerings Value added service in the environmental area Environmental awareness and audit Percentage of total advertising expenditure for environmentally friendly products Percentage growth of sales of environmentally friendly product Percentage of market research dollars environmentally friendly products Total dollar amount of environmental value added service provided Number of customers provided with environmental value added services Number of environmental value added offerings Number of customers on environmental audit programmes Percentage of customers on recycling programme Percentage of total advertising expenditure for environmentally friendly products Total dollar amount of environmental value dded service provided Percentage of customers on recycling programme Support activities Product take backPercentage of product take-back Percentage of customers on take-back programme Cost per unit of product take-back Percentage of product take-back Procurement Human resource development Environmental purchasing Environmental training and awareness Number of suppliers wh o has environmental programme Number of supplier ISO 14000 certified Number of suppliers on JIT Percentage of employees trained in environmental programme Percentage of employees participating in environmental programmes Number of suppliers who as environmental programmes Number of suppliers on JIT Percentage of employees participating in environmental programmes Technological Environmental auditNumber of employees trained in environmental audit Number of employees participating in environmental audit Waste reductionNumber of units or plants using Number of employees participating in environmental audit Percentage change in development technology Recycling technology Energy reduction technology waste reduction technology Percentage change in waste reduction in last five years Number of plants or units using recycling Percentage of output recycled Percentage of units or plants using energy reduction technology Percentage of total energy reduction in last five years waste reduction in last five years Percentage of output recycled Percentage of total energy reduction in last five years Porter’s value chain model Table 1 Identification of environmental issues using Porter’s value chain model (continued) Support activitiesEnvironmental issues Eco-performance criteria A-criteria Infrastructure Reuse technologyPercentage of outputs being reused Number of products in the reuse programme Environmental policy Number of environmental initiatives nd initiativesin last three years Number of incentive schemes for environmental leadership Frequency of environmental audits EnvironmentalPresence of an environmental website Number of products in the reuse programme Number of incentive schemes for environmental leadership Frequency of environmental audits Percentage of employees communication Frequency of up-dates Percentage of em ployees using environmental website using environmental website Eco-criteria are environmental performance criteria that can be used to track the impact of environmental strategies or decisions in the value chain. For example, for inbound-logistics, one of the ways to achieve environmental efficiency is to use returnable containers. Several criteria such as the percentage of returnable containers, cost of returnable containers, amount of pollution reduction by returnable containers etc. , can be used as eco-criteria. Among several eco-criteria, which can be used to track impact of a strategy or decisions, some could be more important than others. For efficiency and simplicity one can use one or some but not all of the eco-criteria. These are called A-criteria. For the environmental strategy of using returnable containers, the A-criteria can be a percentage of returnable containers. 4Impact of internet technologies at micro level 4. 1 Inbound logistic: efficient transport and logistic management Internet-based technologies will enormously help the environment industry improve its value chain by conveying real-time information to ensure a product’s timely arrival. Information include raw materials to manufacturers, goods to distributors, products to retailers and purchases to customers. Retailers, customers, suppliers and manufacturers can now have immediate access to their supply chain information to track valuable shipping information (Rayport and Sviokla, 1996). Real-time information available to manufacturers and retailers will help them to manage their transportation and logistics resources more effectively. This would not only help for efficient transport routes and less pollutable transport mode but help to manage warehousing and storage space requirement with better efficiencies. Efficient package delivery by truck may replace at least in part inefficient personal driving to malls, supermarkets, bookstores and the like. The transportation sector is responsible for about one-third of US energy consumption today. The internet holds the prospect of reducing transportation energy intensity by replacing some commuting with telecommuting; replacing some shopping with teleshopping; replacing some air travel with teleconferencing; enabling digital transmission or e-materialisation of a variety of N. U. Ahmed and S. K. Sharma goods that are today shipped by truck, train and plane, including formerly printed material, software, construction materials, and the like; improving the efficiency of the supply chain and increasing the capacity utilisation of the entire transportation system. As traditional manufacturing and commercial companies put their supply chain on the internet, and reduce inventories, overproduction, unnecessary capital purchases, paper transactions, mistaken orders, and the like, they achieve greater output with less energy consumption. These things will have a larger environmental benefit than pollution prevention, especially in the energy-intensive manufacturing sector. The internet allows vastly superior supply chain management, which can dramatically reduce inventories, improve forecasting, and eliminate mistakes and wasted production. This would improve capacity utilisation, and holds the potential for increased material reuse. Avoiding overproduction, waste, and mistakes, and fostering material reuse, can have disproportionately large energy and environmental impacts. Web-based technologies enable buyer and supplier to operate more efficiently, as a result of visibility of orders throughout the entire distribution network. Transactional outsourcing for transportation, warehousing, packaging, and related activities is being replaced by network outsourcing, where these individual functions are managed integrally by a third-party provider. Also, the Logistics Management module helps companies transport goods more efficiently because suppliers and customers configure optimal truckload and delivery schedules. This reduces wasted truck (or other carrier) space, wasted time, and fuel mileage due to inefficient routing. 4. 1. 1 Warehousing and storage space requirements The internet-based technologies will enormously help the companies improve its value chain by conveying real-time information to customers, suppliers and manufacturers. This would help companies to accurately predict consumer demands and that will result into a reduction of excess inventories at the retail level by replenishing them on a just-in-time basis. This could decrease the space needed to store excess inventories, thereby minimising the environmental impacts of warehousing: the consumption of open spaces by warehouses; the materials used to build them; and the energy needed for heating, cooling and lighting (Stein and Sweat, 1998; Basile, 1998). The internet makes mass customisation possible because it facilitates information exchange between companies and individual customers. The internet and innovative production technologies are helping companies to manufacture products specifically designed for individual consumers. Customisation enables producers to manufacture the products that are needed by customers thus reducing product waste or slashing inventories by reducing stockpiles of soon-to-be obsolescent equipment and machines (Mathieson, 1998). For example; e-book or publishing on demand may eliminate the waste thus saving on paper and reducing printing and storage costs (Basile, 1998). Mass customisation could have profound environmental benefits for reducing the energy and Porter’s value chain model 4. 1. 2 Relationships Internet technology has enabled a firm to begin to extend the concept of its value chain to include all of the firm’s suppliers and business partners into a single web. This enables companies to work directly with companies around the world. One-to-one buyer-supplier relationships are quickly being replaced by interenterprise collaboration enabled by horizontal and vertical marketplaces. Defined products and services are giving way to dynamic, customer-configurable offerings, where products and services related to those products are bundled to meet the unique requirements of individual customers. In addition to efficiently balancing demand (orders) with supply (availability and capacity), effective demand and supply planning significantly impacts the bottom line. Optimisation of the planning process can drive revenue growth, reduce inventory investment, and lower operating costs. . 2 Operations Through mass customisation, manufacturers can formulate products specifically for individual customers: detergents that fit the cleaning needs of particular workplaces; pesticides that fit the insect population of specific localities, lawn-care products that fit the nutritional needs of unique landscapes; and cosmetics and personal hygiene products formulated to avoid a particular allergen or exposure to a particular chemical or chemicals (Schafer, 1997). Efficient product, processes and technology: e-materialisation Many of the materials such as newspapers, books, dictionaries and encyclopedias, periodicals, stereos, video recorders, cameras, telephones, and answering machines, are products designed to manipulate, store and transmit information. Similarly, many of our institutions, from the post office to the local bank, consume energy and materials by occupying structures that exist mainly to process information. As a technology for manipulating, storing and transmitting information, the internet can perform many of the same functions as these material objects, and in some cases much more quickly and conveniently. This substitution of bits and bytes for physical goods has been called ‘dematerialisation’. Dematerialisation through the internet helps not only to assimilate and communicate information, and conduct financial transactions online, but also has the potential to dramatically reduce the raw materials used in the production of goods, the energy consumed in manufacturing, and the solid waste generated by businesses and consumers. For example, the manufacture of film, processing chemicals, and photographic paper is a significant source of emissions of toxic chemicals such as ethylene chloride, methanol, acetone, toluene, chromium, selenium, and methyl ethyl ketone (US-EPA, 1994). Digital photography avoids the major environmental impacts of film manufacturing and photo processing. Few companies offer customers to receive and store pictures electronically, thus, enables broad distribution without any material required. Financial transactions performed via the web require far fewer material resources and none of the energy involved in moving information stored on paper to and from the home or office. It is estimated that electronic billing saves approximately 50 to 75 cents per bill in envelopes and postage, and another $1 in handling costs. N. U. Ahmed and S. K. Sharma The internet is helping companies and organisations to reduce energy costs and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by providing them with tools and strategies that can improve the environment, while increasing profits and productivity. E-materialisation of paper alone holds the prospect of cutting energy consumption by about 0. 25% of total industrial energy use. By 2010, e-materialisation of paper, construction, and other activities could reduce US industrial energy and GHG emissions by more than 1. 5% (Romm et al. , 2003; Romm, 1999). 4. 3 Outbound logistics Manufacturers invest large amounts of money in the design of packaging. The environmental costs of packaging are enormous. The packaging results into solid waste. Using internet for selling, and marketing products makes attractive pollution-causing packaging a less attrac

REFLECTIVE ESSAY

REFLECTIVE ESSAY A Reflective Essay is a type of academic writing that involves description of real life scene or imaginary scene. Reflective essay can also describe real and imaginative event, interactive dialogue, a flow of thought, idea, observation, past memory. A reflective writing can also have a poetic form. It can also describe specific feeling and emotion, real-life situation or incident with a certain accent to the personal perception how everything was or happened. If you are seeking professional reflective essay writing, we are able to help you. The major point to have in mind is that while writing your reflective essay instead of keeping your essay in strictly descriptive tone, you can add more of a personal point of perception. This means that you are reflecting on the certain experience both real and imaginary. Reveal additional learning aspects of the described situation. Conclude with newly obtained knowledge and wisdom that appeared to become of your personality after experiencing the described event. REFLECTIVE ESSAY Reflective essay is considered to be one of the easiest types of essays to write. This fact is connected with necessity to reflect on your personal feelings. The emphasis is on your own life experiences that can be discussed through various topics. You have ability to share your own findings and personal life results. Another important significance of reflective essay is your opportunity to explore your own insights regarding various topics. Reflective essay is often used a self-assessment possibility. From one reflective essay to another you can explore the difference and change that you have made as a person. It is your time to reflect on your personal beliefs and observations. You are also awaited to cite materials like journals, books, articles, etc. that had certain influence and serve as evidence of your changes in beliefs. The structure of reflective essay is built around particular ideas or topic reflections. The introduction must have all valid ideas that are supported with valid opinions or evidence through the essay body. The conclusion underlines or highlights topic basics and repeats main insights in short manner. The written style is followed by set instructions and can be APA, MLA, AMA, Chicago, Turabian, Vancouver, etc. Same follows with reflective essay layout, spacing, citations and overall style.

Dirct and e-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dirct and e-Marketing - Essay Example The threat for the future of direct marketing is data protections and privacy laws accepted in order to protect personal information from undesirable intrusion. Until the problems of protection of personal data have been solved, public acceptance of the Internet for widespread online purchasing of good and services will not really take off. It should be mentioned that personal data is: "Information that identifies a person e.g. address, e-mail address, name etc. and "includes any expression of opinion about the individual" which is, recorded and processed" (Data Protection, 1998). The field of marketing communications has seen dramatic changes since the 1980s, not least the unprecedented advances in marketing technologies. The ubiquitous Internet, ingenious smart cards, sophisticated customer databases, easily accessible data warehouses, and cost-effective direct mail have all contributed to a quantum leap in the quantity and quality of information exchanged between companies and the ir customers. Through information and communications technology, the pace of exchange has reached lightning speed and the costs of information processing have plummeted. The impact on the everyday lives of businesses and individuals has been profound (Chaffy, Mayer, Johnson, Ellis-Chadwick, 2000). Privacy concerns relate not only to interception and subsequent misuse of credit card or other personal data on the Internet but also extend to private use of information held on computers about individuals, such as health, tax and social security records, and to monitoring of what is downloaded from different sites and by whom. For instance, if someone goes into a e-shop the staff can record which items they are buying and their personal information such as e-mail, telephone, etc. On the Internet, the computers holding the Web pages log all comings and goings. The organisation running the site - in the case of official information, has a complete record of everything they look at, their interests and concerns. " The factors that exacerbate concerns are unsolicited communications, particularly if they presume to extend a relationship beyond what the consumer recognises, and especially if the communication is from an unknown organisation, and even more so if personal data has been ex propriated and exploited through such mechanisms as the exchange of mailing lists. For some people at least, a further cause for concern is its wastefulness" (Clarke, 2005). Without the transparency afforded by building freedom of information and data protection principles into the systems which will deliver online services, it is hard to see why people should trust not to abuse the powers it will need to tie together the data from disparate sources. If the same 'smart' electronic card will in future be used for financial transactions, to hold medical records, criminal records, driving licence details and to authenticate my dealings with departments, how can a cost6omer be sure the firm will not abuse the technology to track my movements, lifestyle, reading matter and so on This gap in public trust is going to be one of the biggest problems facing the wiring up of public service delivery, and strong FOI and data protection laws are the absolute minimum requirements to bridge the divide. On the one hand the right to be informed of the facts involved in any buyer-seller relationship is clearly a fundamental right. Some of